2013년 11월 25일 월요일

About 'design schools in italy'|Italy Fashion Design School







About 'design schools in italy'|Italy Fashion Design School








               In               September               of               2008               I               was               working               as               a               new               Director               of               Studies               at               a               private               language               school               in               Naples,               Italy.

One               day               my               boss               called               me               into               his               office               to               tell               me               that               he               wanted               me               to               gather               all               the               information               possible               about               becoming               a               TOEFL               test               center.

Naturally,               one               step               ahead               as               always,               I               showed               him               all               the               information               I               had               already               gathered.

To               make               a               long               story               short               in               a               very               short               time               we               became               an               ETS               certified               TOEFL               ibt               Test               Center               and               I               was               not               only               a               new               DOS               but               a               new               TOEFL               Test               Center               Administrator               as               well.
               Shortly               thereafter               students               began               to               arrive               looking               for               TOEFL               preparation               and               it               was               my               job               to               design               a               didactic               program               and               train               our               other               teachers               both               from               our               school               and               partner               schools               in               our               area.

I'd               had               experience               with               Cambridge               ESOL               Examinations               and               other               exams               where               the               preparation               can               be               a               long               and               difficult               process.

Anyone               already               familiar               with               TOEFL               knows               that               it               is               quite               different               both               in               form               and               content               from               Cambridge               and               other               ESOL               exams               in               circulation.

The               main               problem               was               that               students               came               to               us               perhaps               two               months               before               having               to               sit               the               exam.

Not               having               the               time               available               to               follow               a               long               language               based               preparation;               it               became               quickly               apparent               that               the               only               feasible               option               was               to               teach               the               test               itself.

In               this               article,               windy               preamble               concluded,               I               will               outline               the               steps               to               take               in               order               to               prepare               your               students               to               receive               the               best               marks               possible               on               TOEFL               quickly               with               their               current               linguistic               preparation
               First,               for               general               reference               the               scoring               guide               in               relation               to               the               Common               European               Framework               (CEFR):
               CEFR               Level
               TOEFL               ibt               Score               ranges
               A-1               (Elementary)
               No               Predictable               Score
               A-2               (Pre-intermediate)
               No               Predicable               Score
               B-1               (Intermediate)
               45-60               pts
               B-2               (Upper-Intermediate)
               60-75               pts
               C-1               (Advanced)
               75-               100               pts
               C-2               (Proficiency)
               100-120               pts
               After               10               hours               of               guided               preparation               and               a               great               deal               of               self               study               my               students,               with               very               few               exceptions,               routinely               exceeded               these               suggested               scores               by               5-15               points.
               If               you're               reading               this               article               you               probably               already               know               that               TOEFL               consists               of               four               parts,               Reading,               Listening,               Speaking               and               Writing,               in               that               order.

Given               that               both               the               reading               and               the               listening               sections               consist               largely               of               multiple               guess               answers               the               best               thing               to               do               is               to               leave               these               'simpler'               sections               until               last.
               The               ten               hour               program               I               designed               breaks               down               roughly               to               this:               The               first               3               one               hour               lessons               are               dedicated               to               writing               practices.

The               next               three               hours               are               devoted               to               preparing               for               the               speaking               section               and               subsequently               2               hours               each               for               Reading               and               Listening.

Every               student               is               unique               with               their               own               strengths               and               weaknesses-so               remember               that               this               is               really               a               rough               outline.

Many               times,               working               predominantly               with               Italians               unaccustomed               to               American               writing               styles               I               had               to               dedicate               considerably               more               time               to               Writing-time               which               had               to               be               borrowed               against               the               hours               originally               designated               to               Reading               and               Listening               practice.

As               always               one's               best               judgment               should               be               used               to               meet               the               particular               needs               of               the               student               in               question.
               Writing:               The               absolute               most               important               aspect               to               consider               for               the               writing               section               is               the               student's               knowledge               of               5               paragraph               form.

As               an               American               I've               had               this               form               drilled               into               my               very               being               from               the               5th               grade               all               the               way               through               the               end               of               my               sophomore               year               of               college-and               it               ended               there               only               because               I               was               an               English               major.

Italians               on               the               other               hand               learn               something               similar               at               school               called               'the               scalletta'               but               then               never               use               it.

I               saw               no               small               share               of               essays               that               more               closely               resembled               so-called               'stream               of               consciousness'               writing               (with               every               idea               connected               by               'in               fact')               than               an               organized               piece               of               academic               writing.

While               the               graders               for               TOEFL               do               not               specifically               say               'Use               5               paragraph               form'               they               do               say               'organization               counts'.

In               other               words               make               students               use               5               paragraph               form.
               As               I               mentioned               about               my               Italian               students,               many               do               not               have               the               proper               experience               with               this               concept               of               writing,               so               get               as               in               depth               as               possible-even               breaking               it               down               one               sentence               at               a               time.

The               important               thing               is               to               make               them               integrate               the               organizational               process               as               much               as               possible               so               they               do               it               automatically               without               wasting               too               much               time.

My               general               practice               was               to               do               a               general               outline               of               5               paragraph               form               then               give               them               a               specific               question               and               5               minutes               to               make               a               suitable               outline               then               correct               it               as               needed               and               repeat               as               necessary.

Then               give               them               5-6               minutes               to               make               an               outline               and               write               the               introduction               for               another               question.

In               general,               I               didn't               waste               valuable               class               time               making               students               write               entire               essays,               that               is               what               homework               is               for.
               Other               things               to               consider               for               the               writing               section               are:               Idioms-               their               correct               use               in               connection               to               the               question.

Connecting               ideas               counts               too,               clause               to               clause,               sentence               to               sentence               and               paragraph               to               paragraph.

Correct               usage               of               linking               devices               beyond               'but,               or,               and               and'-therefore,               whereas,               however,               similarly,               etc.

-               can               really               make               a               good               impression               on               the               TOEFL               essay               graders.

Grammar,               while               perfect               grammar               is               not               necessary               to               score               well               in               the               writing               section,               if               it               is               incorrect               to               the               point               of               giving               unclear               or               even               wrong               information               points               will               be               lost.

TOEFL               wants               to               measure               a               student's               ability               to               communicate               effectively               not               how               well               he/she               knows               where               to               put               a               comma.
               Speaking:               As               in               the               writing               section               of               the               test,               organization               counts.

There               is               nothing               worse               a               student               can               do               than               run               out               of               time               before               getting               to               the               point               and               answering               the               question               whether               it               be               for               rambling               or               for               not               knowing               what               to               say.

I               consider               this               really               an               extension               of               the               work               that               was               done               for               the               writing               section,               the               main               difference               being               the               limited               amount               of               time               the               students               have               to               prepare               and               deliver               their               responses.

Here,               I               tell               them               'give               a               response               that               is               almost               identical               to               the               introductory               paragraph               of               a               five               paragraph               essay.

It               is:               General               statement               (if               applicable),               Answer,               Reason               1,               Example               1               and               time               permitting               Reason               2               and               Example               2.

This               should               be               drilled               just               as               the               outlines               in               the               writing               section               were.
               In               addition               to               forming               an               adequate               response               with               little               time               students               must               also               face               the               reality               of               having               to               speak               into               a               microphone               with               no               one               listening/               responding               on               the               other               end.

This               can               be               awkward               and               embarrassing               in               a               crowded               room               of               test-takers.

To               avoid               problems               I               drill               my               students               by               having               them               talk               to               the               wall               and               then               critiquing               their               answers.

This               is               also               a               good               time               to               put               them               on               a               stopwatch               and               time               their               answers.

Responses               should               be               completed               within               the               time               given               (45-60               seconds               depending               on               the               question)               without               being               too               short.

If               the               student               finishes               with               10               or               more               seconds               remaining               he               should               find               something               else               to               say.
               One               last               important               consideration               is               response               delivery.

It               should               be               neither               too               fast               nor               too               slow;               avoiding               long               pauses               and               use               of               'ummmmmmmm'               In               general               the               rules               of               public               speaking               apply.

Pronunciation               and               intonation               are               important               insofar               as               not               making               the               grader               scratch               his/her               head.

Whenever               that               happens,               points               are               sure               to               be               lost.
               Listening               and               Speaking:               There               are               no               particular               secrets               to               doing               well               on               these               sections               of               the               exam               so               I               will               dedicate               this               space               to               giving               information               that               holds               true               throughout               the               exam.

In               general,               there               are               two               important               things               a               student               should               do:
               1.

Understand               what               the               question               is               asking.

TOEFL               has               a               lot               of               specific               question               types               all               of               which               ask               the               students               to               demonstrate               a               different               ability.

Any               good               guide               to               the               exam               will               have               clear               explanations               of               these               questions               including               how               to               recognize               them               and               what               is               expected               of               the               test               taker               when               they               encounter               them.

The               hours               dedicated               to               the               reading               section               I               generally               focus               on               this.
               2.

With               the               exception               of               the               reading               section               where               students               can               have               the               text               in               front               of               them               at               all               times,               effective               note               taking               will               be               important               throughout               the               test,               but               particularly               so               in               the               listening               section.

Since               there               is               no               one               correct               way               to               do               this,               I               generally               encourage               students               to               experiment               and               find               the               method               that               works               best               for               each               of               them,               whether               it               be               in               English               or               their               native               language.

The               only               issue               here               is               that               students               often               try               to               write               absolutely               everything               that               is               said.

There               is               simply               no               time               for               this               and               as               a               result               they               often               get               lost,               misunderstand               or               miss               information               altogether.

Make               them               boil               it               down               to               the               fewest               words               possible               that               will               help               them               remember               the               details               of               what               was               said.

A               Navy               SEAL               unit,               dubbed               SEAL               team               6               in               a               raid               on               a               compound               in               North               Eastern               Pakistan               found               and               killed               Osama               bin               Laden               can               be               reduced               to               'Seals               kill               Osama,               Pakistan,'               for               example.
               I               truly               hope               that               this               information               can               be               helpful               to               teachers               that               read               it               and               their               students.

To               be               honest,               we've               only               just               scratched               the               surface               of               TOEFL.

But               I               remember               having               to               develop               an               approach               to               the               exam               without               help               and               without               prior               experience               back               in               2008               and               am               happy               to               share               my               experience               with               others.

Please               feel               free               to               use               and/or               re-publish               this               material,               but               please               give               credit               where               credit               is               due               by               linking               back               to               Cambridge               School               of               English               or               leaving               your               comments               on               our               blog.

Below               are               some               other               links               that               may               prove               useful               to               both               teachers               and               students               having               to               face               Toefl.
               ETS.ORG               The               originators               of               the               Toefl               Exam               and               by               far               the               best               place               to               get               authentic               materials               including               The               Official               Guide               to               Toefl               and               online               practice               tests.

The               guide               is               handy               because               it               uses               real               questions/audio               from               prior               TOEFL               Exams.

The               only               downside,               there               is               very               little               listening               material.
               Heinle               Cengage               Learning               The               makers               of               the               Complete               Guide               to               Toefl.

Essentially,               it               is               an               imitation               of               the               Official               Guide               but               with               many               additional               exercises               to               help               students               practice               specific               things.

Drawback,               the               audio               CDs               are               dreadfully               expensive,               useful               for               anyone               who               does               a               lot               of               TOEFL               prep,               otherwise               an               avoidable               expense.
               Cambridge               School               TOEFL               Page.

Lots               of               more               specific               advice               about               other               aspects               of               the               exam.
               Cambridge               Blog-Toefl               Page               FAQ               about               Toefl               with               answers,               in               both               English               and               Italian.

Have               a               specific               question?

Ask               it.






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